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Crear redirecciones en Apache en función de una cookie

Servidor de pruebas

En estos días que asusta leer la palabra cookie en cualquier sitio. Si nos remontamos al siglo pasado, los navegadores solían preguntarnos cada vez que iban a a definir una cookie para ver si aceptábamos o no. Cosa que se terminó volviendo insostenible ya que los sitios web definían varias cookies y empotraban contenido de otros sitios que querían definir cookies y terminábamos con unas diez ventanas emergentes cada vez que entrábamos en una web. Así que, bloqueabas todas, pero las webs no funcionaban bien, y terminabas resignándote y aceptando todo.

Aunque hoy vamos a tratar un tema diferente, vamos a darles a las cookies una utilidad extra. Aunque bien podemos conseguir el mismo efecto con un lenguaje de aplicación (Java, PHP, Python, etc), vamos a hacer que sea el mismo servidor web, en este caso Apache el que aplique una redirección en función del valor que tenga una cookie que nos manda el usuario y, un paso más, que sea transparente para él.

¿Para qué queremos esto?

Podemos utilizar esta técnica para tests A/B, para probar dos versiones de la web. Aunque vamonos a un caso extremo, pero real. Imaginemos que tenemos una versión antigua de la web, programada con versiones antiguas de un lenguaje de programación y también una versión nueva programada con versiones nuevas, bibliotecas nuevas, etc, de modo que esas dos versiones no pueden estar en la misma máquina (física o virtual), de modo que tendríamos que acceder a un punto de entrada nuevo y diferente.

También podemos hacer un acceso a un entorno de pruebas de la web, de modo que los desarrolladores puedan entrar a él, o incluso el cliente final, mientras no impedimos el acceso a los usuarios a la plataforma, haciendo que, el código sea diferente, las bases de datos sean diferentes, incluso las posibilidades de cargarnos algo también. Muchos desarrollos pueden estar pensadas para realizar pruebas, pero pensemos en plataformas como WordPress, que por unas cosas o por otras, en las que no voy a entrar, si cambiamos el host, con muchos plugins o temas podemos tener problemas.

Y, ¿qué tal el dar una seguridad extra a nuestras aplicaciones? De forma que solo alguien que tenga la cookie pueda entrar en un área privada en donde podrá trastear con muchas cosas peligrosas de su servidor adicionalmente a tener usuario y contraseña.

En muchos casos seguro que nos puede ser útil hacer una redirección en función de la dirección IP desde la que viene la petición, aunque en otros casos, tanto por el número de equipos que tienen que tener acceso como por el hecho de tener IPs dinámicas, no es posible.

Vamos a ver Apache

Para lograr esto, entramos en el VirtualHost de Apache y escribimos lo siguiente:

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        ProxyPreserveHost On
        RewriteEngine On

        RewriteCond %{HTTP_COOKIE}     nombre_de_cookie=([^;]+)
        RewriteCond %1                 ^valor_de_cookie$
        RewriteRule         ^/(.*) http://otro_host/$1 [P,L]

En este caso, con la directiva P para conectar vía proxy y L para que no se procesen más reglas de reescritura tras esta. Es necesario también tener los módulos rewrite y mod_proxy_http instalados por lo que antes de nada no está de más ejecutar:

sudo a2enmod rewrite
sudo a2enmod proxy_http
sudo service apache2 restart

Veamos un ejemplo completo, podemos ver este archivo de VirtualHost (lo he puesto todo en HTTP, en el mundo real deberíamos utilizar todos HTTPs):

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<VirtualHost *:80>
        ServerName miweb.com
        ServerAlias www.miweb.com

        ServerAdmin security@miweb.com
        DocumentRoot /var/www/miweb.com/www
        ProxyPreserveHost On
        RewriteEngine On

        RewriteCond %{HTTP_COOKIE}     magicCookie=([^;]+)
        RewriteCond %1                 ^123456$
        RewriteRule         ^/(.*) http://10.0.1.198/$1 [P,L]

       <Directory /var/www/miweb.com/www/ >
                Options -Indexes +FollowSymLinks +MultiViews
                AllowOverride All
                Require all granted
        </Directory>

        ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log

        LogLevel warn

        CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined
</VirtualHost>

En este caso, cuando entra un visitante normal, entrará directamente a la web alojada en este servidor. Web que está en /var/www/miweb.com/www, pero si viene un visitante que tenga la cookie magicCookie establecida y cuyo valor sea 123456, internamente la petición se redirigirá al 10.0.1.198, que es una IP privada que está en la misma red que el servidor y a la que normalmente los usuarios no tendrían acceso. Esta nueva dirección puede pertenecer a una máquina de la misma red, una máquina conectada a Internet, máquinas virtuales o incluso contenedores docker.

Vamos a probarlo

Para realizar pruebas, podemos crear un pequeño programa que defina la cookie en cuestión, por ejemplo, en PHP podríamos hacer algo así:

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<?php

setcookie('magicCookie', '123456');

Solo tenemos que llamar a este archivo php desde el navegador y cuando volvamos a nuestro dominio se realizará la redirección interna.

También podemos utilizar una extensión de Chrome o Chromium llamada Cookie Inspector. Solo tenemos que activar las herramientas para desarrolladores y nos dejará establecer y modificar cookies.

Foto principal: unsplash-logoLouis Reed

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